1856 5-Cent Jefferson (Type I, Scott #12)
The 1856 5-Cent Jefferson (Scott #12), printed by Toppan, Carpenter & Co. in the deep red-brown color designated as "red brown" in the Scott catalog, is one of the most historically significant stamps in the classic era of American philately. As a Type I design with specific production characteristics, it represents the evolution of U.S. stamp printing from the earliest issues toward the definitive style that would characterize the next decade.
Context: The 1851-1857 Issue Period
The 5-cent Jefferson stamp was first issued in 1856 as part of the 1851-1857 issue series, which used imperforate or perforated designs depending on year and circumstance. The 1851 series had been produced imperforate (without the punch-holes between stamps that make separation easy). The introduction of perforations to American stamps in 1857 created multiple variety classifications within each denomination.
The Type I designation refers to the specific design element that distinguishes different die versions of the same stamp. For the 5-cent Jefferson, Type I is identified by the presence of specific ornamental shell details at the top corners of the stamp's design that are complete and clearly delineated.
Jefferson's Portrait: The Engraving
The portrait of Thomas Jefferson on the 5-cent stamp is a dignified, classical engraving after the Rembrandt Peale portrait. Jefferson is shown in three-quarter view with his characteristic wave of hair and formal attire. The engraving quality is consistent with the high standard maintained by Toppan, Carpenter's engravers.
The orange-brown color of the 1856 production is one of several color varieties across the 5-cent Jefferson's complex printing history. The precise shade was affected by ink formulation, paper absorption, and print pressure, creating a range of color intensities documented in the Scott catalog.
The Type I Classification
Distinguishing Type I from Type II and other type designations requires understanding what specifically changed:
Type I (Scott #12): The outer frameline at the top and bottom is complete. The "shells" (small ornamental designs in the corners) are complete.
Type II (Scott #11A): Modified design with different characteristics.
The Type I designation is important because it identifies a specific die state and specific printings. Attribution should be based on examination against catalog illustrations and expert reference.
Perforated vs. Imperforate
The 1856 5-cent Jefferson exists in both imperforate (Scott #12) and perforated forms, with the perforated version added in 1857 (Scott #30 for the 11-gauge perf version). For the imperforate Scott #12, the stamps were cut apart individually rather than torn along perforation lines.
Imperforate stamps should show consistent margins on all four sides; generous margins enhance value while close-trimmed or "shorn" stamps (margins cut too close to the design) reduce value.
Values
| Condition | Approximate Value |
|---|---|
| Mint, OG, XF margins | $3,000 to $8,000 |
| Mint, OG, VF margins | $1,200 to $3,000 |
| Used, VF margins | $200 to $500 |
| Used, fine margins | $80 to $200 |
| Used, sound | $40 to $90 |
For imperforate stamps, "margins" refers to the distance from the design to the edge of the stamp. Four large margins is the ideal; any cut that approaches or nicks the design reduces grade significantly.
Authentication for Classic-Era U.S. Stamps
Expertization by the Philatelic Foundation or PSE is essential for any 1856-era stamp valued at significant prices. Common issues include:
Trimmed perforations on perforated varieties presented as imperforate
Added margins on close-cut stamps
Re-perforated stamps with new perforations added after damage
Cleaned or chemically treated stamps that have been brightened
The Philatelic Foundation has certified classic-era U.S. stamps for over 50 years and is the recognized authority for authentication in this era.
Collecting Classic-Era American Stamps
The 1851-1860 era stamps represent the beginning of American philatelic collecting in earnest. A complete collection of type varieties, color varieties, and major varieties across this period represents significant philatelic scholarship and investment.
The Scott Specialized Catalogue of U.S. Stamps and Covers is the primary reference, but advanced collectors also consult the Datz Guide to Classic U.S. Stamps for more detailed variety documentation.
For new collectors in this area, a sound used example in a PF-certified "PSE" holder provides both authentication and a starting point for deeper study of the series.
Related Items
Have This Item?
Our AI appraisal tool is coming soon. Upload photos, get instant identification and valuation.
Get Appraisal